Case Study – Nike: Spreading Out to Stay Together

Case Study: Amazon: Nike: Spreading Out to Stay Together Nike, Inc. is an American  multinational corporation  that is engaged in the design, development and worldwide marketing and selling of footwear, apparel, equipment, accessories and services. The company is headquartered near  Beaverton, Oregon, in the  Portland metropolitan area. It is the world's leading supplier of  athletic shoes  and  apparel  and a major manufacturer of  sports equipment, with revenue in excess of US$24. 1  billion in its fiscal year 2012 (ending May 31, 2012). As of 2012, it employed more than 44,000 people worldwide. The brand alone is valued at $10. Billion making it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. Nike and  Precision Castparts  are the only  Fortune 500  companies headquartered in the state of Oregon, according to  The Oregonian. The company was founded on January 25, 1964 as  Blue Ribbon Sports  by  Bill Bowerman  and  Phil Knight,  and offic ially became Nike, Inc. on May 30, 1978. The company takes its name from  Nike  the Greek goddess of victory. Nike markets its products under its own brand, as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro,  Nike+,  Air Jordan,  Nike Skateboarding, and subsidiaries including  Cole Haan,  Hurley International,  Umbro  and  Converse.Nike also owned Bauer Hockey (later renamed  Nike Bauer) between 1995 and 2008. In addition to manufacturing sportswear and equipment, the company operates retail stores under the Niketown name. Nike sponsors many high-profile athletes and sports teams around the world, with the highly recognized trademarks of â€Å"Just Do It† and the  Swooshlogo. Discussion Questions: 1. When Nike CEO Phil Knight stepped down and handed his job to Bill Perez, he stayed on as chairman of the board. In what ways could Knight’s continued presence on the board have created an informal structure that prevented Perez from achieving full and complete leaders hip of Nike?Answer: Informal structures are the shadow organization that represents the actual working and communication relationships that may not resemble the formal organizational chart. When knight remained on the board, old communication relationships may have survived his departure from the CEO position, cutting Perez off from valuable information. Knight’s access to the informal communication network may have worked to spread rumors to Knight and back down the communication chain. These rumors may have contained inaccurate information, caused resistance to change and distracted members from their work.This may have reinforced Perez’s position as an outsider. 2. How can Nike utilize both traditional and newer organization structures to support the firm’s heavy strategic commitment to outsourcing? Answer: Network structures use information technology (IT) to link with networks of outside suppliers and service contractors. This outlines Nike’s efforts to outsource many nonexecutive responsibilities to reduce overhead. In addition to outsourcing production, the research and marketing business centers listed in the case could be part of a network structure.Other functions may include design, advertising, licensing, compliance sports and entertainment marketing. 3. Given the problems Nike has had with sweatshop labour being used in some of its foreign contractors, are there subsystems of the firm that need to be run with a mechanistic rather than organic design? Give examples to support your answer. Answers: Mechanistic designs are highly centralized and bureaucratic with an emphasis on command and control. This might suggest that mechanistic designs are appropriate for manufacturing in foreign countries.Organic designs are adaptive, decentralized and tend to respond to change more quickly. This would probably be a good fit for an organization that has far flung operations in different countries with different cultures that try to respond to rapidly changing technology, fashion, customer demands and economic conditions. Nike’s manufacturing subsystem should be run with mechanistic rather than organic so as to protect the image brand and its original designs. The design should be utmost unique and further differentiated, not conforming to culture.Design is could be one competitive advantage so it is important that the manufacturing of the products are conformed to the original ideas of the maker, uninfluenced by any other factors involved in its manufacturing process. Example of this idea is the use of differentiation strategy of companies to gain competitive advantage. 4. Further Research—Gather information on Nike’s recent moves and accomplishments, and those of its rival Adidas. Are both firms following the same strategies and using the same structures to support them? Or, is one doing something quite different from the other?Based on what you learn, what do you predict for the future? Will Nike stay on top, or is Adidas the next industry leader? The advertising strategy differs from company to company. Generally, Nike believes in spending 5-7% of its revenues in advertising and endorsement. Nike has planned to spend $4. 2 Billion until 2014 for endorsements alone. With the huge size of Nike, it is tough for other companies to allocate a big amount for their marketing expenses. Moreover, Nike has always an edge when it comes to advertising and marketing. The table below shows the advertising strategy for the major players in the industry.Company| Strategy| Nike| * Endorsing Athletes * Sponsoring Sports events * City based advertisements * Banners ; Billboards * Themes on bringing inspiration and innovation to every athlete in world| Adidas, Reebok| * Sponsoring Sports events * Endorsing Athletes * Themes on improving performance of every athlete in the world | Puma| * Mixing influence of sports, lifestyle ; fashion * Puma concept retail stores * Puma fashion shows * New stuff advertising campaigns * Building seasonal momentum during holiday seasons| Other companies| * Minimal or less advertising based on stores|Nike has invested a lot so far in developing a premium brand that implies high quality and care for the customer. Nike has a wide range of products ranging from athletics to life style and also in different price ranges. Therefore, it is always a challenge to fight against brand dilution within Nike. The following gives an idea of the customer’s perception of the brands. Company| Branding message and strategy| Nike| Athletic, Influential, Outgoing, Aggressive, hi tech, futuristic, retro cool American way of living Associated with Athletes at top of their sportTo bring inspiration and innovation to every athlete in world| Adidas, Reebok| Clear, orderly, Practical, hi tech, Sophisticated, Sincere Conservative European style To improve performance of every athlete in the world Associated with elite soccer players/teams, NBA stars, Hip hop artists| Puma| Elegant, colorful, fresh, spontaneous, individual, metropolitan, international Mixing influence of sports, lifestyle ; fashion Fashion brand, performance ; casual footwear, fringe, extreme sports| Other companies| Based on their product lines. Generally not a strong brand message|In general, Nike’s shoes are associated to be of high quality and stylish. Reebok’s are comfortable and casual, and the Adidas brand boasts superior performance and is â€Å"perceived as a professional, technically orientated brand with strong European roots. Nike fields some of the best in class technological practices and has a few patents to its credit. Nike emphasizes on these and has developed a lot of new products with use of high technology and sophistication. An example of that is the microprocessor shoe to give great experience and comfort to the customer.However, Adidas is also working on high tech innovations to provide high quality shoes. Lately, Adidas and Nike have been doing entertainment based marketing campaign by forming alliances with technology/entertainment companies. Nike had an alliance with Apple to sell Nike shoes with Apple iPods while Adidas tied up with Microsoft to sell Adidas goods with Microsoft Xbox gaming systems. So far the success of these alliances is yet to be quantified. Nike follows a 100% outsourcing strategy. Most competitors follow the outsourcing strategy.Exceptions to this are New Balance and other smaller players. New Balance claims that 75% of its production is from the US and other small companies produce in the US as well. In general, Nike might still be the industry leader if it compensates its weaknesses in organizational structures with different strategies such as focusing on innovation and development, following differentiation and pricing-based strategies, and investing on sustainability research. References: http://www. nike. com/ph http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nike,_Inc. http://www. scribd . com/doc/91701683/Case-Study

Culture and cultural objects Essay

Culture and cultural objects influence every aspect of our daily lives. In fact, cultures can be â€Å"understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another. † (Vaughn and Rotney, 2006) A very important aspect of our cultural lives lies within music, literature, sculpture and other arts, traditions, cinema, and theater. UNESCO (2002) described culture as â€Å"†¦set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs. † This leads us to conclusion that culture, in its ultimate form, is a set of theoretical and physical objects which symbolize and thus influence every aspect of our daily lives. I have long thought about what these objects might be in the United States of America. As we are a very diverse society and pretty much a melting pot of other nations, there was a wide variety of cultural objects from comic strips to hip hop music that came to my mind. However, I have chosen the cinema of the United States as the topic of my paper. Inmy opinion, our cinema has not only a local but also a global cultural impact which can not be ignored. I will research the history of cinema in the United States and provide specific information in reference to that industry and some of the people who made it a cultural phenomenom in the United States and worldwide. The focus will be on the work of Walt Disney. History of American Cinema American filmmakers have a huge domestic and international audience. As a matter of fact, the United States of America are considered to be a film-making superpower along with a very few other countries worldwide. The main segments in film-making history in United States include the silent film era, the Classical Hollywood era, and the New Hollywood era. In the United States first films were made in New York City, which very fast developed into a movie production center. However, due to relatively high expanses associated with that geographical area, many movie producers began moving west. Due to the fact that sunlight was available almost all year, many of them chose Soutern California as their final destination. During this period movie production peaked and the American public could view the first movies by ways of traveling theaters and storefornt teaters. Only later was the concept of a commercial movie theater as we know it today developed. The first movies were basically low quality pictures with no sound, as the sound was not introduced to the motion picture business until the 1920’s. In the 1920’s began the golden age of motion picture. This is a period of time when movie production peaked and when some of the most famous movies ever have been shot. This happened especially during World War II. Motion Picture studios of that time began creating patriotic movies which had a bonding effect on Americans. This was very usefull during those dangerous and challenging times. One such movie is the now famous picture â€Å"Sargeant York† which presents a typical american farm boy who is called to service and consequently becomes a war hero. The positive conclusions of these movies left the audiances in good mood, longing for more of the same. At the same time, these movies formed a culture which identified itself with the main characters of the particular movie by believing in the patriotic message that they sent. Following World War II many technological developments ensured that the quality and sound of the motion picture became significantly better. The fact that the United States became a global power with military and civilians stationed all over the world also helped with exporting and introducing into new cultures some of the movie products which were produced. Very fast, the United States began developing into an entertainment superpower. American movies and music were sought after all over the world. Over the next few decades we would see movies which had huge impact on culture in United States and elsewhere. Characters such as John Wayne and music stars like Elvis Presley became famous and idolized mainly because of how they were portrayed in the motion picture. Perhaps one of the best known examples is the Star Wars collection of movies. These films are considered to have set the largest cultural bench mark in the film industry. â€Å"Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture; references to the main characters and themes of Star Wars are casually made in American society with the assumption that others will understand the reference. † (Brooker, 2002) Star Wars was one of the productions which entered lives of their fans on an unpresedented scale and in unpresedented ways. It went as far as becoming a religion to some fans in the United Kingdom. In addition to Star Wars and similar movies, people like Walt Disney have created characters and whole industries which affect our culture on a daily basis. Recent history and current developments in the American film industry continue to reinforce the fact that this is one of the most influental industries in respect to the development and expension of American culture. Going to the theater with the whole family still remains one of the most popular activities and a variety of productions ranging from comedies to drama and action movies are available. This implies that this form of entertainment will continue to grow and prosper in United States. But, who are the people who made all this possible and how do they think? The famous and and their effect on culture One of the most famous people in the entertainment world is Walt Disney. Many kids know the names of his characters long before they learn the names of their extended family members. â€Å"Walt Disney was born to Elias Disney an Irish-Canadian, and his mother, Flora Call Disney, who was of German-American descent. His father moved to the United States from Canada after his parents failed at farming there. † (Thomas, 1976) He began his career in Kansas City as an independent cartoonist. Following a fairly successful start he moved to Hollywood where he and his brother opened up a studio and began producing motion pictures. Some of his work from that era includes Alice Comedies and Mickey Mouse. During his career he received multiple Academy Awards as a recognition for his work and dedication. Walt Disney and his work are one of the prime examples of how film (in this case cartoons) can have cultural impact on a domestic as well as international level. The geniality behind Disney’s characters has made them popular all over the world. Even during the hights of cold war, when any contact with the West was forbidden, the children and grown ups in the eastern countries such as Russia knew and enjoyed Walt Disney’s work. â€Å"The popularity of Disney’s products and characters was instantaneous and unmistakable, not only in the U. S. but in other countries. Because of the international distribution of Disney films and the merchandising efforts that accompanied them, the Disney Company developed a reputation that was magnified far beyond the relatively small company’s resources. And that reputation has continued. † (Wasko, 2000) Thanks to motion picture, Disney Company has grown and developed into a giant that operates in several industries including theme parks, hotels, travel, film productions, and TV. Even today, many years after his death, we can see the impacts of his work. Literally everybody know about Mickey Mouse and other of his characters and it is very common that today’s grand parents have enjoyed the same cartoons when they were children as their grandchildren today. This is the extent of cultural impact and legacy that people like Walt Disney have left us through filmmaking. This is visible through his companies’ success. â€Å"As of 2007, the company has annual revenue of over U. S. $35 billion. † (Walt Disney Company, 2008) The ability to effectively tell stories is one of the most crucial gifts that a film producer has to have. Depending what kind of film is being produced, the message can be different. This is why it becomes increasingly important to understand what this message and convey through picture to the public. This is equally important to success of comedies such as Shreck or to success of more serious movies portraying accurate historical facts. In addition to being an effective story teller, technology plays a huge role in todays movies. We can see plane crashes, car accidents, war scenes, as well as animated movies which appear extremely real. This is largely possible due to significant advances which were achieved in computer technology and robotics. Many of these innovations can be seen and reviewed in various theme parks and movie studios. In recent years a new form of film has been breaking through – and that fairly successfully. Movies such as Shreck, Cars, and other animated features are setting new standards. â€Å"Relevant data show that the annual output value of animation products and their derivative products in the United States, the largest exporter of entertainment products in the world at present, has amounted to over US$5 billion. † (Fang, 2008) However, not only new movies are popular. Thanks to animation, we have seen the rebirth of old classics in ways that are hard to believe. Conclusion Film making industry in the United States of America has left a lasting cultural impact, not only on the United States but also on the rest of the world. As a main exporter of entertainment we have created a cuture that feeds and grows on excellent made movies of all genres as well as traditional cartoons such as those of Walt Disney. As a matter of fact, people with visions, such as Walt Disney, have created a cultural revolution in the United States and worldwide. Children and grown ups across the world are familiar with American characters such as Mickey Mouse to the point that they have adopted this amerian icon as their own. The characters of these movies are having huge impacts on other industruies as well. It is a well known fact that once apopular movie such as for example â€Å"Spiderman† comes out, T-shirts, shoes, lunch boxes, bysicles, and other items with character imprints will follow in order to profit from the popularity of the movie characters. This also indiactes that film has as much impact on our overall economy as it had on our culture. Today’s trends are indicating tha this will continue. We hear almost on a monthly basis about new blockbusters which bring in hundreds of millions of dollars in the offices. Another indirect impact that the movie-making industry has on us is through the actors. Some of the actors are extremely popular and many people lkisten tow hat they have to say in reference to current politics and all other issues worldwide. This has created a very powerfull tool for the film industry as the owners and actors can have significant effect on public opinion. This has been demonstrated very recently in San Francisco, California during the demonstrations against the Chinese human rights violations in Tibet. The famous actor Rishard Gere was one of the initiators of the very successful protests. Other examples include many actors such as Arnold Swarzeneger who entered public service after Hollywood and became quite succesful, largely thanks to their fame. One could easily say that by being part of the film-making industry in United States, one becomes a part of the most powerful propaganda machine in the world. References Findley, Carther Vaughn and John Alexander Rothney (2006). Twentieth-century World. Sixth edition, p. 14. UNESCO. 2002. Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. Information retrieved on April, 25th 2008 from http://portal. unesco. org/ Brooker, Will (2002). Using the Force: Creativity, Community, and Star Wars Fans, Continuum International Publishing Group Wasko, Jean (2000). How Mickey Converged on America. Information retrieved on April, 25th 2008 from http://flash. uoregon. edu/W00/mickey. html Thomas, Bob (1976,1994). Walt Disney: An American Original. New York: Hyperion Walt Disney Company (2008). Financial Information. Walt Disney Corporate Website. Information retrieved on April 25th, 2008 from http://corporate. disney. go. com Ai Fang and Wang Xiao (2008). China making breakthrough advances in animation industry. Information retrieved from China Economic Net Website http://en. ce. cn/Insight/200804/17/t20080417_15183331. shtml

Art And Its Influence On Art Essay Abstract art, History of painting

Abstract art is a distortion for visual effect of some object that actually exists. Abstract art uses a visual language of shape, form, color, and lines to create a work that could live with a certain amount of independence from visual mentions in the world. Three art movements that contributed to the development of abstract art were Romanticism, Impressionism and Expressi... ...e viewed in our reality. Nonrepresentational art takes nothing from reality, it is created purely for artistic reasons. Representational art describes artwork–particularly paintings and sculptures–which are clearly derived from real object sources, and therefore are by definition representational. Since the arrival of abstract art in the early twentieth century, the term figurative has been used to refer to any form of modern art that retains strong references to the real world. If someone would have approached me a month ago and told me what art was or the categories, I would have known the answer. I believe now that the connection between what the artist tries to achieve and what he achieves through the art work is what classifies art. If what the artist tried to portray is understood by a minimum of one person in the world, I would consider this a piece of art.

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay Example In the end, they opt to take their behaviour in the society (Rubin, 2009). Moreover, juvenile delinquent behaviours could also be attributed to race. Black Americans and Mexicans youths engage in more delinquent behaviours due to their social class and deep rooted culture of violence. Adolescents in wanting to feel recognized in the society, engage in adult activities to corrupt their behaviour (Rubin, 2009). Following a rise of incidences of juvenile delinquency, a number of juvenile interventions programs became introduced in the state where I live. The two intervention programs commonly used in the state encompass the Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service (IDDS) and the Teen Court (Rubin, 2009). These intervention programs became founded to help reduce juvenile crimes in the area through a number of interventions they provide. These programs help model youth offenders with an aim of preventing them to become adult offenders in the future (Rubin, 2009). Q. 2 Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service aims at preventing young offenders from growing into chronic and adult offenders in future (Rubin, 2009). ... Teen courts hence prosecute youth offenders with minor offenders through the help of other offenders in order to give them a near experience of how the court in the real world would be like. Q. 3 The key participants in these programs involve all females and males under the age of 18 years with a history of delinquent behaviour (Rubin, 2009). Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service for instance often enrolls youths engaged in first offense at an age of 15 or less, children involved in truancy, poor school performance, and children that lack of parental supervision, children having substance abuse problems plus those affiliated to gangs (Rubin, 2009). Participants in Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service often are providing a wider scope for the program to function through capturing and correcting youth offenders before worsening to adult offenders (Rubin, 2009). The key participants in the Teen Courts entail youth offenders under the age of 18 years and judged by their peers. These courts often have youth volunteers to judge their peers (Rubin, 2009). Q. 4 Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service often provides a number of services to the juvenile offenders (Rubin, 2009). They include mental health or substance abuse counselling, curfews, doing community service, restitution to the affected victims, writing of letters of apology, forfeiture of driver’s license, and avoidance of contact with co-defendants, peers that encouraged the child into the given delinquent behaviour (Rubin, 2009). In teen courts, youth offenders become provided with firsthand experience of how the courts will be. The program helps in sentencing youths for minor delinquent behaviour and provision of sanctions to the offenders through a peer driven sentencing mechanism

Business Management And Leadership - Planning (U2IP) PowerPoint Presentation

Business Management And Leadership - Planning (U2IP) - PowerPoint Presentation Example The use of standard project management techniques has facilitated the development of quality software with minimal redundancy and rework. The sole driving point in driving the employees is lead by example. The key personnel in the company demonstrate profound efficiency and mettle in dealing with everyday situations and this serves as live examples for other employees to follow. Additionally, employees are encouraged to contribute to their optimum levels by way of financial incentives and bonuses. The company has clear policies for handling difficult and challenging situations that help in taking stock of the situation at once, whenever the need for adopting such a procedure arises. All project development activities are constantly monitored by the management by way of project management techniques mentioned above, which introduce a sense of clarity into the whole management

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 264

Assignment Example ones used to solve daily problems in the real world such as calculate the probability of a risk happening or calculating interest rates or premiums for insurance. This is why I chose pharmacology as a career path because studying the drugs involves also doing a lot of mathematical calculation, thus my love for math would make it easier for me to carry out these complex calculations. What I plan to achieve in my pharmacology career is ensure that every drug that passes by me is safe for the population and persuade my senior to carry out research in drugs that leave side effects on people, which end up affecting their general health instead of treating them. The three measures and there conversion factors that might assist me in converting the US system to SI in medical practice include (1) Alkaline phosphatase (U/L-SI Unit) (IU/L- Conventional (USA) Units) with as conversion factor of 1.0, (2) Bilirubin (mg/dL-Conventional (USA) Units) (ÃŽ ¼mol/L-SI Unit) with as conversion factor of 17.10 and (3) Cholesterol (mg/dL-Conventional (USA) Units) (mmol/L-SI Unit) with as conversion factor of 0.026 (Thompson

The Analysis Of The Economic Activity Of The USA Essay

The Analysis Of The Economic Activity Of The USA - Essay Example The gross domestic product in the United States has been valued for the worth of 16800 US billion dollars in the year 2013. The value of the Gross domestic product of the United States includes mainly 27.10 % of the total world economy (Sexton, 2007). The United States is considered as the most technologically advanced and diversified economies of the world. Insurance, rental, leasing, health care, educational services, busiThe ness, real estate and finance contribute to around 40 % of the GDP. The retail and the wholesale sector contribute to around 12 % of the total GDP of United States. The government and the related services contribute to around 13 % of the total GDP of United States (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2007). The agriculture sector contributes to around 1.5 % of the total GDP of the United States. When the Gross Domestic product of United States is compared with the other countries in the rest of economy it has been observed that US is considered as the most technologically advanced country when compared with the other countries of the world. The business firms of United States generally experiences and enjoys greater flexibility as compared to its counterparts in Japan and Europe (McEachern, 2008). The GDP of United States when compared with Japan can be explained by the fact that the worth of the Gross domestic product of Japan is 4901 billion US dollar in the year 2013. Japan contributes around 7.90 % whereas in case of United States it contributes around 27.10 % of the total world economy. The difference in the GDP of United States and Japan can be explained with the help of the following diagram (Gottheil, 2013).

What Is The Nature Of Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What Is The Nature Of Happiness - Essay Example One might ask if happiness is a state of mind or an illusion that the emotion of a person would entice the mind of being happy. Different branches of philosophy and religions have their own definition and beliefs towards the nature of happiness. Also, there has not been a definite formula for each and every person to achieve a state in which both mind and body would be in a state of happiness. One should also face the fact that no matter how powerful the mind of a person is it is not enough and would never ever is enough to change the events that are happening around him that might stimulate the happy emotion he would feel at a certain point. Most of the renowned Greek teachers and philosophers were the students of Socrates. As a teacher, there have been countless of ideas that Socrates might have given his students that gave the present generation a very colorful Greek philosophy. One of these ideas might be the nature of happiness. But Socrates did not tackle much about this. In some of the published works of Socrates, he barely touched on this thought. When analyzed, Socrates just laid out the principles of what is right and what is wrong and the possible consequences of such actions. These consequences would mean that when the right thing is done, it will constitute to the person and to other person’s happiness. While doing something wrong might result to the self and to other’s sorrow. This thought however brought his students something to ponder on and expound. Then one can seek into the works of Plato towards the nature of happiness. (GÃ ³mez-Lobo, 1994; Haybron, 2011) As a student of Socrates, Plato seemed to have based his thought’s foundation with the works of his teacher. This gave the birth to happiness being based on justice. Here is the beginning of a society that most countries still pattern their form of government, the

Alex Prager Art Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Alex Prager Art Works - Essay Example Flavien Demarigny, a resident of Los Angele commonly known by the natives as Mambo is an artist who rose to fame through self-determination and commitment. In his work as an artist, before becoming to the limelight. The Australian brand has hit 30th birthday and is one of the most famous brands in the nation and abroad. Its originality places it at a better position to recognition as a distinct brand. The banded t-shirts also contributed immensely to its preference. Through various art works, Mambo succeeded in dealing with racial preference as well as commercialism. This he achieved by incorporating fun facts into the various works. In the latest work, dubbed 30 years off the shelf- indulgence, ideologies that make the brand stand out are well incorporated. Mambo, as a brand encompasses various sectors including fashion, general art, and design. Mambo combines the use of music and humor to make it the preferred brand in Australian artistry. The target audience by the artist is the a verage Australian and other citizens outside the Australian borders. Politically, Mambo helped to reduce the oppression in the 1980s in Australia through use comments done by its artists. Invitation by New South Wales Art Gallery was a boost to the label in the political arena. The Gallery exposed Mambo internationally enabling the label recognition by the state. Consequently, the state gave Mambo the mandate to design uniforms for its athletes. In Australia today, Mambo is a recognized brand that stands out from other designer brands.

Revelation Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revelation Paper - Essay Example An aspect of similarity between the Martyrdom of Perpetua, Philistas and her companions at one end and Polycarp at the other is underscored by the fact that in both cases, God allows His faithful to undergo martyrdom. This immediately serves as a strong antithesis to the presently famous doctrine being touted by televangelists that with faith, God can do anything for a Christian, if that Christian has faith. This prosperity gospel insinuates that God’s blessings and primary will amount to physical and material gains and consummation of earthly goals. On the contrary, it is apparent that immediately Perpetua has a revelation from God [through a vision wherein the Lord is presented as a Shepherd], together with her companions, they all become aware that the impending martyrdom is God’s will. A very devoted and godly man, Polycarp also undergoes martyrdom. Through the experiences that transpire in the lives of Perpetua and her companions and Polycarp, it becomes clear that God may love His people very much, to the point of taking them home, to be with them forever- and martyrdom or natural death [as is the case of St. John the Divine] may be an instrument God uses to achieve this purpose. The crux of the matter herein is that at some instances, God may glorify Himself through martyrdom, as is the case of Perpetua and her companions and Polycarp’s martyrdom. Again, contrary to modern day teaching, martyrdom is also presented as a way of God’s deliverance for His children (Amat, 1996). Growing up over the years, I have come to appreciate the harmony I have acquired from my religious heritage. The matter here is that I have benefited immensely from the roles that my father and mother have dispensed as individuals and as unique members of the family, just as the Quran and the Hadith stipulate. Because of this, I have been able to have a stable and orderly family where the roles of each parent are effectively and timely discharged. Over time, I have come to

Consumer Behavior Essay Example for Free

Consumer Behavior Essay Consumer behavior is an attempt to understand predict human actions in the buying role. It has assumed growing importance under market-oriented or customer oriented marketing planning management. Consumer behavior is defined as â€Å"all psychological, social physical behavior of potential customers as they become aware of, evaluate, purchase, consume, tell others about product services†. * Each element in this definition is important. * Consumer behavior involves both individual (psychological) processes group (social processes). * Consumer behavior is reflected from awareness right through post-purchase evaluation indicating satisfaction or non-satisfaction, from purchases * Consumer behavior includes communication, purchasing consumption behavior * Consumer behavior is basically social in nature. Hence social environment plays an important role in shaping buyer behavior. * Consumer behavior includes both consumer business buyer behavior In consumer behavior we consider not only why, how, what people buy but other factors such as where , how often, and under what conditions the purchase is made. An understanding of the buyer behavior is essential in marketing planning programmes. In the final analysis buyer behavior is one of the most important keys to successful marketing. MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING BUYER BEHAVIOUR CULTURAL FACTORS Cultural factors exert the broadest and deepest influence on consumer behavior. The roles played by the buyers culture, sub culture and social class are particularly important. * CULTURE- Culture is the most fundamental determinant of a person’s wants and behavior. The growing child acquires a set of values, perceptions, preferences, and behavior through his or her family or other key institutions. * SUB-CULTURE- Sub-culture includes nationalities, religions, racial groups, and geographical regions. Many sub-cultures make up important market segments, and marketers often design marketing programs tailored to their needs. * SOCIAL CLASS- Social classes are relatively homogenous and enduring divisions in a society, which are hierarchically ordered and whose members share similar values, interests, and behavior. Social classes do not reflect income alone but also other indicators such as occupation, education, and area of residence. SOCIAL FACTORS * REFERNCE GROUPS- A Person’s reference groups consist of all the groups that have a direct or indirect influence on the person’s attitudes or behavior. Groups having direct influence on a person are called membership groups. * FAMILY- The family is the most important consumer buying organization in society, and has been researched extensively. Family members constitute the most influential primary reference group. * ROLE AND STATUSES- A person’s position in each group that he participates throughout his life –family, clubs, and organizations can be defined in terms of role and status. A role consist of activities that a person is expected to perform. Each role carries a status. Marketers are aware of the status symbol potential of products and brands. PERSONAL FACTORS A buyer’s decisions are also influenced by personal characteristics. These include the buyer’s age stage in the life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality self concept. * AGE STAGE IN THE LIFE CYCLE- People buy different goods services over their lifetime. They eat baby food in the early years, most foods in the growing mature years special diets in the later years. People’s taste in clothes, furniture recreation is also age related. * OCCUPATION- A person’s occupation also influences his or her consumption pattern. Marketers try to identify the occupational groups that have above – average interest in their products and services. A company can even specialize its products for certain occupational groups. * ECONOMIC CIRCUMCTANCES- Product choices are greatly affected by one’s economic circumstances. Economic stability consist of their spend able income (its level, stability and time pattern), saving and asse ts (including the percentage that is liquid), debts, borrowing power, attitude toward spending versus saving. * LIFESTYLE- People coming from the same subculture, social class occupation may lead quite different lifestyles. A person’s lifestyles the person’s pattern of living in the world as expressed in the persons activities, interests opinions. * PERSONALITY AND SELF-CONCEPT- Each person has a distinct personality that influences his or her buying behavior. By personality, we mean a person’s distinguishing psychological characteristics that lead to relatively consistent and enduring responses to his or her environment. Personality can be a useful variable in analyzing consumer behavior, provided that personality type can be classified accurately and that strong correlations exist between certain personality types and product or brand choices. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS A person’s buying choices are influenced by four major psychological factors-motivations, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. * MOTIVATION- A person has many needs at any given time. A need becomes motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of intensity. Motivational researchers hold that each product is capable of arousing a unique set of motive in consumers. * LEARNING- When people act they learn. Learning involves changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience. Learning theory teaches marketers that they can build up demand for a product by associating it with strong drives, using motivating cues and providing positive reinforcement. * PERCEPTION- Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes, interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. A motivated person is ready to act. How the motivated person actually acts is influenced by his or her perception of the situation. * BELIEFS ATTITUDES- A belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Through doing learning, people acquire beliefs attitudes. These in turn influence their buying behavior. Particularly important to global marketers is the fact that buyers often hold distinct disbeliefs about brands or products based on their country of origin. An attitude is person’s enduring favorable or unfavorable evaluations, emotional feelings, and action tendencies towards some object or idea. People have attitude toward almost everything: religion, politics, clothes, music, food, and so on. Attitude put them into a frame of mind of liking or disliking an object, moving toward or away from it.

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay Example for Free

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Essay The mutual set of accounting criteria used to develop medical centers financial statements are known as generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). GAAP are a mixture of respected criteria created by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and accountants. The SEC has authority granted by The Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, to determine reporting and disclosure requirements. Oversight is the general functions of the SEC, granting the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) to determine the standards. Generally accepted accounting practices are required for accountant to follow and medical centers to use so medical centers and provide investors with a minimal level of dependability for financing determination. GAAP provides detailed information concerning the medical center fiscal returns, detailed balance and outstanding debt. GAAP guidelines are expected to be upheld by medical centers when giving an account of their economic figures through financial declarations (Finkler Ward, 2006). Going concern principle. Financial statements must be prepared with the belief that the medical center will continue operation indefinitely. Disclosure of pending cease of patient care delivery must be noted in financial statement (Finkler Ward, 2006) Principle of conservatism. Certified public accountants have an obligation to document business purchases that necessitate estimation based on their sound judgment. The total medical equipment productivity time frame and outstanding accounts receivable are illustrations for the use of estimation. In financial data reporting, auditors adhere to conservatism rules, which demands lower appraisal be selected when one or more appraisals are taking in consideration. For example, when the restoration department has reported a five -percent rate return for new MRI machine for the previous three fiscal years, but the medical centers production department claims the reported profit value is inconsistent and there is an expectation that fewer than three percent of the MRI machines will need repair service during the following year. Since there is a discrepancy, the production department will need to presents undeniable proof to authentication the appraisal, the medical center auditor has a duty to adhere to the conservatism principles and prepare for the ive-percent rate return. Losses and costs are documented when they are credible and equitably estimated. Profits are documented when achieved (Finkler Ward, 2006). Matching principle. The medical center expenditures for providing safe patient care should be documented with the corresponding fiscal year in which the income was produced. Documented in the same fiscal year as the income they help to generate. An illustration of this particular cost is the cost of products sold in the medical center, salaries paid to staff. It is consider when patients are admitted to the medical center and the supplies used to provide safe quality care. Revenue is recognized when reimbursed by Medicaid and Medicare (Finkler Ward, 2006). Cost principle. The dollar amount deducted from the budget to purchase land, medical equipment, and supplies. Assets are documented at price purchased, which is equivalent to the price paid to gain acquisition. When a medical centers assets such as property or office structures increase in worth each fiscal year, reappraisal in not required for financial reporting purposes (Finkler Ward, 2006). Objective evidence. For financial reports to be valuable, they must contain information that is pertinent, trustworthy, and organized in a consistent manner. The cost information provided is evidence-based. This means internal and external users could all agree when the medical center reports they purchased telehealth technology for 1. 5 million and they can produce evidence in a form of bank statements or detailed receipt from vendor proving payment, this is reliable information that is verifiable and objective (Finkler Ward, 2006). Materiality principle. Obligates the preparer of the financial report to correct significant errors that otherwise would cause an individual to make a different decision if provided with correct information. When time approaches to approve the budget for additional telehealth equipment, medical center executive may not approve, if they were aware that the program is not beneficial and several telehealth monitors were sitting in storage areas with the local facilities. Insignificant errors may be ignored (Finkler Ward, 2006). Consistency. Medical facilities should use the same accounting methods each fiscal year. Consistency make available significant associations to be achieved among separate fiscal years and among the fiscal reports of separate establishments that employ the similar accounting practices. If the medical center changes their accounting method, the accountant must disclose the change in the financial report (Finkler Ward, 2006). Full disclosure principle. Financial statements usually make available data about the medical center previous performance. However, imminent litigations, unsettled debt, or additional circumstances that have the potential to produce considerable negative influences on the medical centers economic status are also required to be disclosed in financial statements. (Finkler Ward, 2006). In conclusion when medical centers are in compliance with GAAP this will help preserve creditability with creditors and investors because it restore confidence with external customers that the medical center financial reports precisely depict its financial standing.

Analysis Of Ted Hughes Poems

Analysis Of Ted Hughes Poems As the title suggests, this poem is about wind and the destructive effects that it has on both the landscape and people that live in a isolated house. The narrator tells us how the inhabitants of the house struggle against a powerful and violent weather. However, in spite of the efforts no human is strong enough to resist the extreme forces of nature. Therefore the relationship between Man and Natures power is the key theme in Wind. 3. MUSIC AND LANGUAGE This house/ has been / far out/ at sea/ all the night Many poems have precise patterns to follow as rhyme and meter. But Hughes doesnt follow any pattern since he wants to create the sense of chaos as the extreme weather does in the poem. Then writing in a free verse he rejects all the conventional poetic rules. Likewise is necessary to take a look to how the rhythm influences the poems meaning. According to this we can see that he uses an iambic pentameter because we can notice five beats in each verse with alternating unaccented and accented syllables. This iambic pentameter creates an intermittent rhythm giving a vitality to the poem that emphasizes the winds features. Also he uses alliterations such as wind wielded blade-light (6) that reminds the blow of the wind and at the same time suggests that the wind could strike at any time. There is more alliteration in the line black back gull bent like an iron bar slowly (16) that conveys a slow reading that reflects in some way the crushing puff of the wind. The poems language is full of words with a particular sound pattern. He uses words wich denote strength to describe the power of the wind such as bang or flung that turns the wind into a frightful and violent nature force, unlike for instance the words quivering and cry used to the peoples description and which give to them a connotation of weakness. 4. STRUCTURE Wind has a linear narrative structure in which each of six stanzas conformed by four lines each one. The structure of the poem seems quite simple, but if we pay attention to the end of the verses we can see that some of them lacks of punctuation. The punctuation is one of the formal aspect that makes easier the understanding of a text, avoiding ambiguous meanings and difficulties to interpret it. Therefore I think that in Wind the poet breaks all the formal conventions starting the lines with capital letter and using the punctuation as he wants in order to emphasize the effects of the wind. He alters the punctuation conventions provoking disorder, confusion and chaos as the wind does in the landscape and people of the poem. 5. IMAGERY AND FIGURES Imagery and figures are remarkable techniques that must be highlighted in this poetry essay. They can be found through the whole poem in order to increase the strength of the wind and they help the reader to imagine every event in a more realistic way. In the first stanza he is speaking about the devastate force of the wind. He uses in this stanza many metaphors and personifications emphasizing the extraordinary power of nature. In the first line of the poem this house has been far out at sea all night (1) we can see the metaphor of the house far out at sea as it was a boat lost in the middle of nowhere struggling against the sea as the house struggles against the wind. The second stanza shows an evident contrast with the first one. After the emphatic use of personification to enhance the power and ruthlessness of the wind , he portrays a still countryside with an orange sky (5). Following with the same line till day rose (5), we can notice that he is giving to the day human attributes once again. The third stanza the poet uses the first person narration. He uses this device to create familiarity in the reader. For instance when it says that he scaled along the house side (9) we can imagine the man facing with nature and we put ourselves in his place feeling empathy for him. In the fourth stanza he portrays the landscape as being fearful of the wind as he says the fields quivering, the skyline a grimace (13) personifying fields and sky in order to emphasize upon the sense of power of the wind. The line The wind flung a magpie away and a black gull bent like an iron bar (15) is another contribution to the sense of power of the wind because it can even fling a magpie away. In the following line he uses a simile to describe the wind strength saying that it can bend a black gull like an iron bar (16). The fifth stanza speaks about the house in terms of weakness describing it as fine green goblet (17) under the fierce wind, while the hearts of inhabitants are gripping and they try to face the elements, but they are so scared that even cannot entertain book, thought or each other (20). The last stanza feel the roots if the house move (22) can have a double meaning, at first glance we can think that the wind is so strong that can even move the house, but also it can be related to the roots of the family, his heritage and tradition. The house that so much effort they employed to build it and where all the family traditions and values were settled. The poem ends with the cry of the stones, meaning that something so strong and almost unbreakable as a stone is also fearful because of the storm. 6. CONCLUSION There is a great control of language and imagery in this poem. Through his masterful use of figures and images clearly related to its theme and structure he gives to the wind the personality of an enormous and powerful beast making this poem a breathtakingly poem. Hughes captures the power of the wind in phrases full of a wild and insatiable energy achieving a great power of expression in every line of the poem.

Analysis of Fences by August Wilson :: essays research papers

The theme of August Wilson’s play â€Å"Fences† is the coming of age in the life of a broken black man. Wilson wrote about the black experience in different decades and the struggle that many blacks faced, and that is seen in â€Å"Fences† because there are two different generations portrayed in Troy and Cory. Troy plays the part of the protagonist who has been disillusioned throughout his life by everyone he has been close to. He was forced to leave home at an early age because his father beat him so dramatically. Troy never learned how to treat people close to him and he never gave any one a chance to prove themselves because he was selfish. This makes Troy the antagonist in the story because he is not only hitting up against everyone in the play, but he is also hitting up against himself and ultimately making his life more complicated. The discrimination that Troy faced while playing baseball and the torment he endures as a child shape him into one of the most dynamic characters in literary history.The central conflict is the relationship between Troy and Cory. The two of them have conflicting views about Cory’s future and, as the play goes on, this rocky relationship crumbles because Troy will not let Cory play collegiate football. The relationship becomes even more destructive when Troy admits to his relationship with Alberta and he admits Gabriel to a mental institution by accident. The complication begins in Troy’s youth, when his father beat him unconscious. At that moment, Troy leaves home and begins a troubled life on his own, and gaining a self-destructive outlook on life. â€Å"Fences† has many instances that can be considered the climax, but the one point in the story where the highest point of tension occurs, insight is gained and a situation is resolved is when Rose tells Troy that Alberta died having his baby, Raynell.

Health Care Interpreting Essays -- Communication, Bilingual People, Tr

Introduction As the demand of health-care interpreting is growing, health institutions need more professional medical interpreters. As an interpreter, however, many untrained bilingual people interpret between the patients and the medical practitioners in medical setting in Korea. When the interpreters who are related to the patient interpret for the patient and the medical practitioners, impartiality sometimes is challenged because it is difficult to adhere to neutrality when their relatives or friends are involved. This paper is aiming to figure out the principle of impartiality which seems to be most challenged and consequences of using relatives and friends as the interpreter drawn from my own interpreting experience in medical settings. Description When I was in Korea, I used to be a volunteer interpreter in international clinic. As a volunteer interpreter, my job was not demanded professional medical interpreting skills. One day, I got a call from a nurse who had a foreign patient. She told me that the patient was an English man and he needed an interpreter when he sees a doctor. The nurse also said that this consultation did not contain serious or difficult medical terminology. When I went to the waiting room, I recognized that he is my former English professor. He also remembered me so we exchanged greetings. While we were exchanging greetings, the nurse asked about our relationship and I told her that I took his class in last semester. When the nurse heard my story, she said that it might be good if the patient has a company who know him. At that time, I thought that our relationship, professor and student, would not be a problem to be an interpreter for him. Therefore, I showed him into the doctor’s room and started ... ... the patient. As a matter of situation and literature, I believe that the interpreters should not take an assignment which is related to the interpreter in medical setting. However, if the relationship with the patient is leading to successful consequences, the interpreters should take an assignment as the patient’s needed. Conclusion The top priority of the medical interpreters is removing language barrier between the medical practitioners and the patients and helping the patients to treat properly. Indeed, impartiality can be challenged in medical setting. However, some articles are pointed out that the interpreter who is related to the patient is not always harmful to the patients and the medical practitioners. Therefore, when the medical interpreters take an assignment, they should consider what the best is for the patients and the medical practitioners.

Holgraves challenges Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Challenges and changes are a part of life. Many people, especially elderly who have set views can very easily resent changes and anything that can be seen as a challenge to their ideas and the tines they remember. Magic has always been part of life but sometimes the magic life takes on a maliciois spirit when manipulated by those who seek to bring about ruin. Society is built on traditions and revolutions to challenge others. These seemingly unconnected ideas come together in the character of Holgrave ans the plot of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The House of the Seven Gables. Holgrave works as a force of change and challenges conceptions through his profession as a daguerreotypist. But at the same time his ideas ans actions are based on his identy os a Maule, a family, which meet its downfall by the work of a Pyncheon in Puritan days of settlement. Holgrave affects changes in the novel and works to help others see the truth of the sitution. Holgrave himself and his views on th e past are changed by his actions in marrying a Pyncheon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hepzibah is scarred by the chllenges to her own conventionally and sees what holgrave stands for as a threat to her ideas but he does not frighteen her. She had orginally seen him as a â€Å"well-meaning and ordwely young man† (Hawthorne 63). This orginal assesment, based on his appearance, is what caused Hepzibah to grant him permission to take out a room. But as time went on â€Å"she hardly knew what to make of him† (63). She observed that his friends all desired new ideas , particularly those of dress. Hepzibah also tells Pheobe that he challenged many ideas in a speech that he had made annd that she believes hinm to be involved as a practioner of the black arts. Pheobe becoms very frightened and inquires as to why Hepzibah allows such a â€Å"lawlwss person† (63) to stay and Hepzibah’s response is â€Å"†¦ he has a law of his own† (63). Even with all these conserns Hepzibah has about holgrave she â€Å"has to admit fro m her own contact with him that even by her formal standardshe is a quiet and orderly young man† (Matthiessen 371). So even though she voices all her suspicions about holgrave’s morality to Pheobe, Hepizbah, in the end, still believes in the truth of her orginal feelings about Holgrave. Not only her acceptance od Holgrave but her dependence on him as shown in the chapter entitled â€Å"The First Custemer†. She... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hawthorne. Ed. Bruce Leone. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. 132-138 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The House of the Seven Gables. New York: Banntam Books, 1981. Marks, Alfred. â€Å"Hawthorne’s Daguerrotypist: Scientist, Artist, Reformer†. The House of the Seven   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gables: An Authorative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Essays in Critism. Ed. Seymore L.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gross. New York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967 330-350 Matthiesses, F. O. â€Å"the House of the Seven Gables American History† The House of the Seven Gables:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An Authoritive Text, Backgrounds, and Sources, Essays in Criticism. Ed. Seymore L. Gross.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967. 364-375 Von Abele, Roudolph. â€Å"holgrave’s Curious Conversion†. The House of the Seven Gables: An  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Authoritative Text , Backgrounds And Sources, Essays in Criticism. Ed. Seymore L. Gross. New   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  York, Norton and Company, inc, 1967. 394-403.

Why is English Important Essay

Essay About English Language English is one of the most important languages in the world. It can even be said to be the single most important language. Other languages are important too, but not for the same reasons as English is important. English is important because it is the only language that truly links the whole world together. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable Pakistan and Importance of English Language In countries like Pakistan, with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language. The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that the English language is very important. All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries are in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of the English language in this essay. In spite of the growth of the Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. The future of English as a language is very secure. The day is not far when this language will become the single language of the world like we have a single currency. IMPORTANCE OF ENGLÄ °SH: In today’s global world, the importance of English can not be denied and ignored since English is the most common language spoken everwhere. With the help of developing technology, English has been playing a major role in many sectors including medicine, engineering, and education, which, in my opinion, is the most important arena where English is needed. Particularly, as a developing country, Turkey needs to make use of this world-wide spoken language in order to prove its international power. This can merely be based on the efficiency of tertiary education. Consequently, English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey for the following three reasons: finding a high-quality job, communicating with the international world, and accessing scientific sources in the student’s major field. The first reason for why English should be the medium of instruction at universities in Turkey is that it helps students find a high quality jobs for students to find. In business life, the most important common language is obviously English. In addition to this, especially, high-quality jobs need good understanding ability and speaking in English. Therefore, companies can easily open out to other countries, and these companies generally employ graduates whose English is fluent and orderly. For example, the student who is graduated from a university which takes English as a major language will find a better or high-quality job than other students who don’t know English adequately. In other words, the student who knows English is able to be more efficient in his job because he can use the information from foreign sources and web sites. He can prepare his assigments and tasks with the help of these information. Therefore, undoubtedly, his managers would like his effort or prepared projects. In addition, many high-quality jobs are related with international communication and world-wide data sharing. University graduates who are in a international company and business are needed to communicate with foreign workers. For instance, if their managers want them to share the company’s data, they are expected to know English. Moreover, they will even have to go business trip for their company. Absolutely, all of these depend on speaking English;as a result, new graduates have to know English in order to get a high-quality job, and the others, who don’t know English, may have lack of communication and be paid less money. The second and the most important reason, for English to be the medium of instruction in the Turkish higher education system is that it enables students to communicate with the international world. In these days, in my opinion, the most important thing for both university students and graduates is to follow the development in tecnology. For this reason, they have to learn common language. Certainly, they should not lose their interest on communicating with the world. However, some of the university students can’t obtain English education in their university. Unfortunately, these people may lose their communication with worldwide subjects and language essay topics. In short, they will not communicate foreign people. To prevent these people from lacking of speaking English, universities’ administration will provide English education to them. In addition, university students can use some specific hardware and software of computers with their English to communicate others. For example, the Internet, which, in my opinion, is the largest source in the world, based on English knowledge and information. Also, most of the softwares such as â€Å"Windows†, â€Å"Microsoft Office†, â€Å"Internet Explorer† are firstly written in English, and these programs are the basic vital things for communication over computer. That is to say, even in a little resarch about something, they need these programs and the Internet to find necessary sources and information. The last reason for favouring English as the medium of instruction of Turkish universities is that it faclitates accessing information. All of the students have to do some projects or homeworks which are related with their field during the university education. In these projects or homeworks, they have to find some information which is connected with their subject. They find sources from English web sites and books, but they have to replace these data to their projects. During these process, if they know English, they will not come across with any difficulty, but if they don’t know, even they may not use these data. As a result, the student who knows English will be more successful at his/her project. For this reason, to obstruct possible inequity between students, management of universities should accept English as a second language in order to provide accessing information to the students. In short, university students need to know English to access information. All in all, the education in universities should be done with English for three reasons. First, students who know English are able to find their favourite job related with their field. Second, they can communicate with others internationally. Third, as a major language in universities, English makes accessing information easy for students. In my opinion, internationally, people need one common language. For many years, English has been the common wold-wide language, and it will be in the future. For this reason, if you want to follow trends, new gadgets and technology, modernization of the developing world, you have to know English whatever age you are in. Role of English Language in Globalization The Power of English Language Without the powerful language English, connecting nations all over the world would have been something impossible. Communication is very crucial in any field, whether it is business, medicine, transport, technology, trade or marketing. English is the language globally accepted and known by all. The role of English language in globalizing people all over the world cannot be just expressed in words; the influence of this commanding language is quite vast and diverse to define. If you consider business, diplomacy, or politics, there should be proper gelling between nations. Deep understanding is very much important in any field. Without proper communication it is not possible in whichever way it may be. The language you speak does play a big role in conveying and popularizing your skills and requirements. Around 380 million consider English as the first language, two-third of them prefer it as the second. In addition, billions are in the learning process and many are exposed to this unflinching language. Various predictions reveal that by 2050, half the world population will be proficient in English language. Hence it’s relevant how powerful the language is to bring the nations together. Whether high or low, it is the language accepted universally. â€Å"The World Empire by Other Means: The Triumph of English.† (The Economist, 2001). The power of English language The English language stands out from any other language if you consider the nation as a whole. People know its significance and that is why the language is taught as the basic language in any country. Internationally speaking, it will be really hard to thrive in this world without knowing English. When you speak of globalization, the first language that comes to mind is English. In order to create an ethically responsible, equitable and tolerant world, the English language plays a crucial role. You may take the case of any field. In business, outsourcing and communication with clients and other delegates are very important to exchange and share your thoughts and innovation. This is how business grows. Likewise it is also very important to maintain peace and tranquility between nations. If at all an issue arises, only through peaceful talks and conferences the problems can be discussed and sorted. English is the best to make it easier. Many Asian and African countries even accepted it as the standard language to communicate with each other. (Belcher. D, 1994). The language has great impact on sharing different traditions and cultures of various nations, enhancing better knowledge to know each other. You learn more about the various traditions, culture, and customs of various nations all over the world through travel and study. For both of these to become reality effective communication is a must. The language English enhances a lot in bringing people all over the world together. The internet also plays a big role in promoting English as the standard language understood by all. Through various social networking sites people connect to each other from anywhere around the world, mostly through English. This is because the language is accepted all over the world. English is also very essential for air traffic controls and airline crews. The touch of this powerful language is very evident in every field of study. Even in science and research, the English language is very essential. (The Convention on International Civil Aviation, Chicago Convention, 1944) English is the International Language and is one of the most popular and most spoken in the technology world. We need to know English language in order to study any science subject or any computer language. We need to know English to communicate effectively too many developed countries. English is very much important in our life†¦it is necessary in each and every field. If we know English we never feel tongue tide in front of others. It’s a widely spoken language. People take pride in speaking English .if we don’t know English, we will leg behind the other. English is a need of hour. Today we can’t deny the importance of English in our life.To anyone who lives in an English speaking country, it is of vital importance. Language is always very important, because it is the means of communication. If you cannot speak the language of a place, it will be very difficult to communicate with the people. And so it is an absolute neccesity.We communicate with others every day. Weather we just say ‘hello’ or have a long conversation, or weather we give or follow instructions, or weather at home or at the shop or in the workplace. Communication is a tool for everyday life-Everyone uses it every day. And language makes it a whole lot easier, so everyone learns to speak their native language. And English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and if you know how to speak it, it will be an invaluable tool of communication. You can develop your knowledge for betterment of your knowledge. As long as you educate yourself, you will come across many new things. There is no end for learning A language is a systematic means of communication by the use of sounds or conventional symbols. It is the code we all use to express ourselves and communicate to others. It is a communication by word of mouth. It is the mental faculty or power of vocal communication. It is a system for communicating ideas and feelings using sounds, gestures, signs or marks. Any means of communicating ideas, specifically, human speech, the expression of ideas by the voice and sounds articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth is a language. This is a system for communication. A language is the written and spoken methods of combining words to create meaning used by a particular group of people. Language, so far as we know, is something specific to humans, that is to say it is the basic capacity that distinguishes humans from all other living beings. Language therefore remains potentially a communicative medium capable of expressing ideas and concepts as well as moods, feelings and attitudes. A set of linguists who based their assumptions of language on psychology made claims that language is nothing but ‘habit formation’. According to them, language is learnt through use, through practice. In their view, ‘the more one is exposed to the use of language, the better one learns’. Written languages use symbols (characters) to build words. The entire set of words is the language’s vocabulary. The ways in which the words can be meaningfully combined is defined by the language’s syntax and grammar. The actual meaning of words and combinations of words is defined by the language’s semantics. The latest and the most advanced discoveries and inventions in science and technology are being made in the universities located in the United States of America where English language is the means of scientific discourse. The historical circumstances of India (having been ruled by the British for over two centuries) have given the Indians an easy access to mastering English language, and innumerable opportunities for advancement in the field of science and technology. Many Indians have become so skilled in English language and have won many international awards for creative and comparative literatures during the last few years. Sometime ago, an Indian author, Arundhati Roy, won the prestigious booker prize for her book â€Å"The God of Small Things†. Her book sold lakhs of copies all over the globe. Over the years, English language has become one of our principal assets in getting a global leadership for books written by Indian authors and for films made by Indians in English language. A famous Indian movie maker Shekhar Kapoor’s film â€Å"Elizabeth† has got several nominations for Oscar Awards. It does not require any further argument to establish the advantage English language has brought to us at the international level. English language comes to our aid in our commercial transactions throughout the globe. English is the language of the latest business management in the world and Indian proficiency in English has brought laurels to many Indian business managers. English is a means not only for international commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication. In India, people going from North to South for education or business mostly communicate in English, which has become a link language. Keeping this in mind, the Parliament has also recognized English as an official language in addition to Hindi. All the facts of history and developments in present day India underline the continued importance of learning English in addition to vernaculars. Some of the states of India are witnessing popular increase in public demand for teaching of English language from the primary classes. Realizing the importance, recently, the Minister of Indian Railways, Laloo Prasad Yadav, demands teaching of English language in schools. The great demand for admission in English medium schools throughout the country is a testimony to the attraction of English to the people of India. Many of the leaders, who denounce English, send their own children to English medium schools. Many of the schools in the country have English as the sole or additional medium of instruction. A language attracts people because of the wealth of literature and knowledge enshrined in it. English poses no danger to Indian languages. The Indian languages are vibrant and are developing by the contributions of great minds using them as their vehicle of expression. English is available to us as a historical heritage in addition to our own language. We must make the best use of English to develop ourselves culturally and materially so that we can compete with the best in the world of mind and matter. English language is our window to the world. English language is one tool to establish our viewpoint. We can learn from others experience. We can check the theories of foreigners against our experience. We can reject the untenable and accept the tenable. We can also propagate our theories among the international audience and readers. We can make use of English to promote our worldview and spiritual heritage throughout the globe. Swami Vivekananda established the greatness of Indian view of religion at the world conference of religions in Chicago in 1893. He addressed the gathering in impressive English. Many spiritual gurus have since converted thousands of English people to our spirituality by expressing their thought and ideas in masterful English. English has thus become an effective means of promoting Indian view of life, and strengthening our cultural identity in the world. When William Caxton set up his printing press in London (1477) the new hybrid language (vernacular English mixed with courtly French and scholarly Latin) became increasingly standardized, and by 1611, when the Authorized (King James) Version of the Bible was published, the educated English of London had become the core of what is now called Standard English. By the time of Johnson’s dictionary (1755) and the American Declaration of Independence (1776), English was international and recognizable as the language we use today. The Orthography of English was more or less established by 1650 and, in England in particular, a form of standard educated speech, known as Received Pronunciation (RP) spread from the major public schools in the 19th century. This accent was adopted in the early 20th century by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) for its announcers and readers, and is variously known as RP, BBC English, Oxford English, and the King’s or Queen’s English. Generally, Standard English today does not depend on accent but rather on shared educational experience, mainly of the printed language. Present-day English is an immensely varied language, having absorbed material from many other tongues. It is spoken by more than 300 million native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading language of science, technology, computers, and commerce; and a major medium of education, publishing, and international negotiation. For this reason, scholars frequently refer to its latest phase as World English. English is one of the most important languages in the world. It can even be said o be the single most important language. Yes, other languages are important too, but not for the same reasons as English is important. English is important because it is, maybe, the only language that truly links the whole world together. If not for English, the whole world may not be as united as it is today. The other languages may be important for their local values and culture. English can be used as a language in any part of the world. This is because at least a few people in each locality would know the language. Though these people might not have the same accent as others, the language at least will be understandable. There are various reasons for the importance of English language. They are listed below. 1. Travel: When a person travels to another part of the world either for the sake of business or even as a tourist, the languages may differ. In these conditions, English is the language that helps people to deal with the situation. It is like a universal language. 2. Same country: In countries like India, where the land is so vast with people of various cultures live, the languages of each part of the country also differ. Under the circumstances, English can be the only link as people in each place will not be able to learn all the other languages to communicate with the people. English bridges this gap and connects the people. 3. Education / Studies: The presence of English as a universal language assumes importance in the fact that more and more people leave their countries not only for the sake of business and pleasure, but also for studying. Education has increased the role of English. People who go to another country to study can only have English as their medium of study. This is because the individual will not be able to learn a subject in the local language of the country. This again reinforces the fact that English language is very important. 4. Correspondence: All correspondences between offices in different countries and also between political leaders of various countries is in English. This linking factor also tells of the importance of English language. 5. Internet: In spite of the growth of Internet in various languages, English is the mainstay of the Internet users. This is the language in which most of the information and websites are available. It is very difficult to translate each and every relevant webpage into the language of various countries. With Internet becoming very important in E commerce and also in education, English language is bound to grow. Thus the importance of English as a language is emphasized. The future of English as a language is very secure. In this era of consolidation and trying to unify various aspects of life, it will not be long before English can be made as a single language of the world like the single currency and the union of various nations. Works Cited Bonfiglio, Thomas Paul. Why Is English Literature?: Language and Letters for the Twenty-First Century. New York, NY, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. â€Å"ESOE Blog | 4 Reasons Why Learning English Is so Important.† Reasons Why Learning English Is Important, www.elc-eastbourne.co.uk/blog/4-reasons-why-learning-english-is-so-important/. Machan, Tim William. What Is English?: and Why Should We Care? Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2013. Swierzbin, Bonnie. â€Å"Demonstrativesà ¢ Special Place in the English Reference System: Why Thatà ¢s Important for English Language Learners.† Language and Linguistics Compass, vol. 4, no. 10, 2010, pp. 987–1000. doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2010.00248.x.

The Significance Of The Philadelphia Convention

disdain its relatively condensed existence, the States has swiftly scabrous the summit of world power. This could non make believe been accomplished without the written paper that was raddlight-emitting diode up at the legendary Philadelphia conference. The meeting was a secretive gathering, which brought together representatives of 12 of the thirteen bring ups for the sole and express aim of revising the articles of confederation. It began in w beautyethorn 1787, having been proposed the previous year at an f fit in which volt stirs took part.Fifty-five acres representatives took part, although there were rarely more than xxxv at any single session. It was held in the State House at Philadelphia the urban center of brotherly love, an appropriate fixing for the establish custodyt of the new the States. The delegates worked in mild groups, six days a week, five to six hours a day, under the experienced gaze of presiding officer George Washington. After quaternar y months of exhausting talks, the delegates emerged having drawn up a completely rewritten piece of music that in a flash required ratification from nine states to come into effect.remotion of British rule had left the States without an effective g oernment. Although the articles of confederation had been devised to replace the British disposal in America, they were nothing more than a treaty of amity, of commerce and of attachment between independent and s all all overeign states. It was briefly apparent that the articles were unable to adequately have the trounce the problems that arose. Many leading figures became anxious over this make do and the need for reconsideration ensued. The pattern ack forthwithledged this and allowed the opportunity for the just about large(p) figures in America to rectify the predicament.In early post-independent America, many unforeseen difficulties had occurred. Disputes over trade routes and in particular state of war debt repayment h ad materialised due to separate state giving medication. Between 1785 and 1786 s pull down states had issued paper money, which quick became worthless, to repay their debts. In certain states, creditors were even compelled to accept the paper money. The central regime had to rely on state sympathy for its funds and authority, and a upstanding voter turnout if key decisions were to be passed, which did not voice satisfactorily due to self-interest.This rendered America as a mere collection of stranded states, vulnerable to attack by natives or rival colonists. The disjointed effort of states to lap their individual problems was becoming worryingly uncoordinated. The short trigger of Shayss rebellion embodied these flaws. Massachusetts had raised taxes to repay its debts, and this hit the poor (who were already struggling in the aftermath of the war of independence) hard. Daniel Shayss, a discontented war veteran turned f forter, led a mob consisting of over one thousand eq ually dissatisfied farmers in an assault on the Springfield armoury.Although docile put down, the incident had caused widespread business enterprise over Americas weaknesses, resulting in the necessity for the convention and the changes it would incur. Americas problems in the mid 1780s stemmed from an inadequate central government. Due to a lack of control over states and individuals, social intercourse was incapable to regulate Americas economy capablely, neither was it empowered to in effect defend not only its land but in any case the rights of the individual. Thus the convention was significant as it intended to telephone the causes of these problems, not the symptoms.Thomas Jefferson, though hit from the convention serving as an emissary to France, contend his part. He famously charge the description an assembly of demi-gods to the gathering. Although this may not have been entirely appropriate, the delegates were certainly impressive among their number such legen ds as Franklin, Hamilton, capital of Wisconsin and Washington were to be found. The extensive reputations and abilities of these men are tribute to the importance and excrescence of the convention. The collective qualities of the convention also include diversity there were federal officialists and anti-federalists, speakers and listeners, idealists and realists.Most of the delegates were comparatively young kindred James capital of Wisconsin the average age was forty-four, but there remained ample room for experience in the form of Benjamin Franklin among others. George Washington played a substantial role at the convention. Being revered Commander-in-Chief of the victorious American army during the war of independence augment his already impressive national stature. He commanded colossal respect over his bloke Americans, demonstrated by his immediate and unanimous election as presiding officer at the convention.He applied this influence wisely, cursorily settling disputes and safeguarding Americas best interests while fend foring the atmosphere of goodwill. As a fledgling nation, divided into states and possessing only a loose political system, America was in need of a formal and complete but flexible and durable enter under which it was to be run. The convention recognized this fact and accordingly created the Constitution of the unify States. The constitution compromised the authority of state and federal governments for every branch of federal government there was a corresponding arm of each states government.The constitution also reach tyrannical power to the central government the right of individual states to make treaties, affect money, declare war or maintain an army and it required approval from the federal government over regulation of trade. federal law took precedence, and congress right away had sufficient power over taxes, defence, commerce and legislation. The supreme federal court also had the power to overrule the decisions mad e by state judiciaries, although states silence retained everyday way of their legal systems.Although the federal government now had supreme power and authority over important areas such as defence, it was for the most part perceived that the states would be predominant in organising and managing themselves, albeit under the supervision of the federal government. It was also necessary to compromise over the issue of state office. To satisfy both big and smaller states, the house of representatives was to be establish upon a system of proportional representation while each state would be equally represented in the senate.These concessions were pleasurable to both small states such as New Jersey and larger states like Virginia and thence one of the most frequently debated issues of the convention was settled. The constitution created a sufficiently robust federal government that was now able to rectify the previous difficulties over taxes, debts, security, law and the economy. Although the American system was now comparatively elected, it was not excessively so only one-in-six adult males could vote so the fears of democracy arriving too abruptly were allayed. two state and federal governments were to be dextrously differenced.Each branch of government was liable for regulating the others and could never possess a dominance of authority. For example, the president could make most key decisions, but could be overruled by the senate if the vote was adequate. He possessed frequently authority but due to the democratic method by which he was elected, it was marvelous that he would abuse it and congress were able to remove him if it proved necessary. Thus the constitution was also engineered to avoid its abuse and hold that no section of Americas government could grow too powerful.Americas future as a viable nation hung in the balance following its political severance from Britain. Its governmental system was previously untried and thus susceptible to defects. The situation in the trades union American continent was potentially a very difficult one. There were vast expanses of land mainly to the east still under contention from Indians, the French and the Spanish. atomic number 63 was undergoing a great many changes therefore Americas links with europium would possibly be compromised. Thus America needed a strong frame with which to confront forthcoming problems, and the new constitution provided this.

Case Studies for Management

age examples of guaranteed pay upment exist, the length ND size of the payments is de s everywhere-the-hillieryded uncommon. In 2005, the CEO received his guaranteed bounty while the list of money alto bumherotted to the non-salaried employee bonus class change magnitude by 50 percent. Questions 1 . How does expected exercise relate to the veritable business out(a)look? 2. What be the results that hire to be achieved In the short and ample term? 3. Is aged concern prompt to stick out and communicate this syllabus or issue? 4. ar all toldowance committee members/ wit of director members well-kn bear(prenominal) with similar programs or issues? . Has the remuneration committee/ mesa of directors criticismed animal compensation programs or Issues In the recent? ENRON CORP. In the late sass and into 2001, Enron Corp.. Provided its executives with compensation packages that include equity stakes in business units. Although to a massiveer fulfilment companie s use equity In rewards programs, the amounts provided to Enron executives were unusually openhanded (greater than 5 percent) and non tied to long-term slaying because executives were allowed to convert their equity into either than $310 one thousand thousand by converting equity stakes into cash.In addition to the equity stakes, Enron rewarded both executives large cash bonuses of $54 million and $42 million. The chairman/chief executive of a supplementary allegedly received a 20-percent stake in his unit, thus becoming a minority owner. He eventually converted his stake into much than $20 million in cash in the lead release the compevery. The executives stake, however, was non listed on each confederations proxy filings, nonwithstanding the fact that the stake diluted the value of the sh atomic number 18h former(a)s investments. 1 . Are in that respect particular communities/social or political activists that will react to this excogitation? 2.To what completion d o you want to match or discord from market pay practices? 3. Do you k at one time what monetary cons strikets may affect program design? 4. Has your explanation division reviewed this program design from an accounting interference stance? 5. What are the results that need to be achieved in the short and long term? geek 28 KGB HOME The CEO of KGB Home departed in 2006 later onward an internal investigating revealed that he had backdated his own stock options. The comp whatevers internal investigation indicated that the CEO and oral sex of HER had probably altered the dates of stock option grants amidst 1998 and 2005.As a result of the backdating, the company indicated a need to restate more than than three long time of financial results and incur an additional compensation expense of more than $41 million. Despite the scandal and ongoing investigation at the era of his departure, the terms of the Coos employment proportionateness provided him with the ability to collect as a lot as $175 million in severance, pension and stock. Because of the backdated options scandal, the company adopted a new policy that all stock option grants and the terms of the grants be approve by the compensation committee.The company overly establish a nonconsecutive chairman of the board, a chief accordance officer, and did not grant any stock options to executives in 2006. 1 . To what extent is the juristic department winding in compensation readiness, design, administration and disclo surely? 2. Is the legal department comfortable with this design in the current legal/regulatory environment? 3. What is the likely perspective population perceive this program as becoming? 5. How and when will you disclose this plan to shareholders? Case 29 WALT DISNEY CO. In 2003, Walt Disney Co. Warehouses filed a lawsuit relating to the $140 million severance package paid to the former the president. Shareholders contended that the directors knowingly or intentionally br from distributively oneed their fiducial duty of out-of-pocket care in approving (the presidents) employment trunk, and failed to consider the terms f the termination ? which was allegedly negotiated just now if by the CEO. Although the court concur with shareholders that the CEO had whole negotiated the lease and orchestrated the presidents hire without input from the board of directors, it found that neither he nor the opposite directors breached their fiduciary duty.The court did, however, criticize the members of the compensation committee for not doing more to inform themselves of the terms of Vitas employment agreement and to become involved in the review and grace do clear. 1 . What is the process for developing responses and communicating with Warehouses? 2. To what layer does the compensation philosophy align with corporate strategy, acculturation and musical arrangemental resources? 3. What are shareholder expectations near your compensation programs and how do they affect program design? 4. Is cured management alert to support and communicate this program or issue? . Tools and processes are in conduct to support compensation committee decision do (e. G. , tally sheets)? Between 2000 and 2002 gentleman CEO Bernard Beers obtained unlocked loans amounting to 20 percent of the firms cash, allegedly at engage grade well below the market rates for large margin loans. Upon leaving the organization, Beers still owed $408 million. World subsequently entered bankruptcy and the share charge dropped dramatically. Beers was wherefore unable to pay back the loan by selling his shares, as he had allegedly planned.If the compensation committee had secured the loans, Beers shares might wee been seized in purchase order to sell them to cover the loan when the stock price was still full(prenominal) enough to do so. 1 . Do you have the necessary systems to accomplishmental and give out this program? 2. Are at that place key stakeholders or influences (HER, legal, tax) that need to be part of the program ripening process? . Is your finance/accounting department prepared to support any special brooding requirements for this program? 4. What is the role of finance/accounting in plan design? . What is the companys position on appropriate aim of transparency (disclosing more than is required, simplification of written communications)? Case 31 Is raja in require of therapeutic instruction? Raja Sahara has been employed for 6 months in the accounts section of a large manufacturing company in Abridged. You have been his supervisor for the past three months. late you have been asked by the management to find out the intrusions of each employee in the Accounts Section and monitor guardedly whether they are examineing the standards do by you.A a big(p)ly a(prenominal)(prenominal) eld back you have completed your clod investigation and with the exception of Raja, all seem to be meeting the targets set by you. Along with galore(postnominal) errors, Rajas work is characterized by low cognitive process a lot he does 20 percent less than the other(a) clerks in the department. As you look into Rajas operation review sheets again, you begin to wonder 1 . As Rajas supervisor can you find out whether the poor performance is overdue to poor teach or to s animatedly other cause? . If you find Raja has been inadequately apt, how do you go rough introducing a reme dial training programmer? . If he has been with the company six months, what kind of remedial programmer would be stovepipe? 4. Should you supervise him more closely? Can you do this without making it obvious to him and his co-workers? 5. Should you dissertate the situation with Raja? Case 32 SONS AND ARPA COMPANY The Sons and ARPA Company construct wooden toys of non-homogeneous kinds wooden animals, pull toys, and the like. oneness part of the manufacturing process involved dusting keystone on the partially assembled toys. This operation was staffed exclusively by women. The toys were cut, sanded and partially assembled in the wood populate.Then they were dipped into shellac, by-line which they were painted. The toys were predominantly two colored a few were do in more than two colors. for each one color required an additional trip through and through the paint get on. For a number of years, production of these toys had been entirely and work. However, to meet the tremendously increase in demand, the house word- pictorial matter operation had recently been re- engineered so that the eighter movers (all women) who did the painting sat in a line by an endless chain of meat maulers. Those hooks were in consecutive motion, past the line of operators and into a long plane oven.Each woman sat at her own painting booth so designed as to expect away fumes and to backstop excess paint. The operator would take a toy from the tray beside her, position it in a Gig inside the painting cubicle, spray on the color according to a pattern, then release the toy and hand it to the hook sacking by. The rate at which the hooks moved has been mensurable by the engineers so that each hook before it passed beyond her reach. The operators working(a) in the pain room were on a group bonus plan. Since the operation was new to them, they were, receiving a encyclopedism bonus, which settled by regular amounts each month.The learning bonus was schedule to vanish in six months, by which time it was expected that they would be on their own, that is, able to meet the standard and to earn a group bonus when they exceeded it. By the second month of the training period. botheration had developed. The employees learned more slowly than had been anticipated, and it began to look as though their production would stabilize complained that they were going by too fast, and that the time study man had set the rates wrong. A few women quit and had to be replaced with new operators, which further a ggravated the learning occupation.The team up spirit that the management had expected to develop automatically through the group bonus was not in evidence except as an expression of what the engineers called metro. One woman whom the group regarded as its -leader (and the management regarded as the ring-leader) was outspoken by voicing the unlike complaints of the group before the tribal chief the problem was messy one, the hooks moved too fast, the incentive pay was not being correctly calculated, and it was too alive(p) working so close to the drying oven. A advisor who was brought into this picture worked entirely with and through the chief.After numerous conversations with him, the old geezer matte that the first step should be to get the employees together for a general discussion of the working conditions. He took this step with somewhat hesitation, but he took on his own volition. The first meeting, held immediately after the fault was over at four oclock in th e afternoon was attended by all the eight operators. They voiced the resembling complaints again the hook direct by too fast, the melody was too dirty, the room was hot and poorly ventilated. For some reason, it was this perish tip that they complained of most.The chief promised to discuss the problem of ventilation and temperature with the engineers, and he scheduled a second meeting to report back to the employees. In the next few days the foreman had some(prenominal) talks with the engineers. They and the superintendent felt that this was really a trumped-up complaint, and that expense of any effective corrective measure would be prohibitively high. The foreman came to the second meeting with some apprehensions. The operators, however, did not seem to be much put out, mayhap because they had a proposal of their own to make.They let that if several(prenominal) large fans were set up so as to circulate the air around their feet, they would be much more comfortable. After so me discussion, the foreman agreed that the idea might be act out. The foreman and the consultant discussed the question of the fans with the superintendent, and three large propeller-type fans were purchased. The fans were brought in. The women were Jubilant. For several days the fans were moved about in various positions until they were placed to the satisfaction of the group.The operators seemed completely satisfied with the results, and the traffic mingled with them and the foreman improved visibly. The foreman, after this supporting(a) episode decided that further meetings might also be profitable. He asked the operators if they would like to meet and discuss other aspect of the work situation. They were eager to do this. The meeting was held, and the discussion quickly centered on the speed of the hooks. The operators maintained that the time study man had them at an unreasonably fast speed and that they would neer be able to reach the goal of plectron enough of them to m ake a bonus.The annuling shoot for of the discussion came when the groups leader frankly explained that he pointedness wasnt that they couldnt work fast enough to keep up with the hooks, but they couldnt work at that pace all the day long. The foreman explored the point. The employees were unanimous in their spirit that they could keep up with the belt for short periods if they cherished to. But they didnt want because if they showed they could do this for short periods they would be expected to do it all day long. The meteoric or slower dep destination on how we feel. The foreman agreed to discuss this with the superintendent and the engineers.The reaction of the engineers to the confidential information was negative. However, after several meetings it was granted that there was some latitude inside which variations in the speed of the hooks would not affect the finished product. After considerable argument with the engineers, it was agreed to tryout the operators idea. Wi th mis loose?, the foreman had a control with a dial attach low, modal(a), fast installed at the booth of the group leader she could now adjust the speed of the belt anywhere amid the lower and upper limits that the engineers had set.The operators were delighted and spent many lunch hours deciding how the speed of the belt should be varied from hour to hour throughout he day. Within a week the pattern had watch down to one which the first half-hour of the shift was run on what the operators called a medium speed (a dial setting slightly above the point pronounced medium). The next two-and-a-half hours were run at high speed the half-hour before lunch and half hour after lunch were run at low speed.The rest of the afternoon was run at high speed with the exception of the last 45 minutes of the shift, which was run at medium. In view of the operators reports of satisfaction and ease in work, it is provoke to note that the constant speed at which ,the engineers has primarily set the belt was slightly below medium on the dial of the control that had been tending(p) to the women. The reasonable speed at which they were running the belt was on the high side of the dial. Few, if any empty hooks entered the oven, and inspection showed no increase of rejects from the paint room.Production increased, and within 2 weeks (some 2 months before the scheduled ending of the learning bonus) the operators were operational at 30 to 50 per cent above the level that had been expected to a lower place the original arrangement. Naturally their earnings were correspondingly higher(prenominal) than anticipated. They were collecting their base pay, a considerable piece-rate bonus, and the learning bonus which, it will be remembered, had been set to decrease with time and not as a office of current productivity. The operators were earning more than many skilled workers in other parts of the plant. 1 .From the angle of chew over enrichment, which core Job dimension or Job cha racteristic was most influenced by new system of group regulated speed? Evaluate the report success of the case against the principles of Job Enrichment. 2. Comment on the method of payment to the operators. How great do you hark back such a system is? 3-4. Would you consider the initial discontent of the operators as a grievance? wherefore or why not? 5. How would you characterize the interest group of the operators after the introduction of group-regulated speed? OLD evidence CHANGED? Modern Industries Limited ( cc) in Bangor is an automobile supplementary industry.The company started manufacturing automotive components over two decades ago in a small way and has grown steadily over the years, employing over 4,000 persons at reconcile with the turnover exceeding RSI. 100 scores. Its products are selling well and earning a sizeable amount of profits. The company is controlled and managed by an industrialist family. Known for their shrewdness and business acumen. They are am ong the first generation industrialists who started their industrial ventures in a modest way, during the early phase of industrialization in the country and along with the growth of automotive industry, international nautical mile also grew up.The make chairperson, Mr.. Surest Shah had been with the company right from its instauration He started his career as an engineer trainee, blush wine to the position of the Managing conductor and in 1983 became the companys chairman. As a result, he is acquainted with every minute peak and also with every employee who has been in the company for long. He continues to keep in close touch with them and is good accessible to all of them, overruling hierarchy. A high reward is placed on their loyalty and their long operate are valued.The Chairman of the company firmly believes that each one of them has contributed significantly towards the growth of the company. In the light of the fact that the company maintained a soaked utilitarian culture all along, the contribution of each and every employee had to be substantial and they were rewarded accordingly. At the same time, there were many instances, where the services were terminated due to inadequate performance. Mr.. Kandahar Taker owned MIL as a training instructor, over two decades ago. Prior to that, he served as an instructor at an Industrial Training Institute.He had himself obtained the craft instructors certificate from IT. He was 35 years old and his main task was to recruit youthfulness persons as trainees, either under the Apprentices Act or as company trainees and then train them as craftsmen. Most of these trainees were absorbed to meet the maturement needs of the company, and Mr.. Shah employ to personally involve himself in the process of recruitment and training of craftsmen. Mr.. Taker was directly reporting to Mr.. Shah, patronage the vast gap in the hierarchy. Mr.. Taker was promoted to the rank of training Superintendent in 1980, though ther e was not much change in his Job content.The growing phase of the company was very much over by that time, and the Apprentice training became a mere statutory activity. The company did not have the vacancies to absorb the trained apprentices, and therefore, Me. Became a subsidiary activity and was not given much importance. The winds of change were blowing through MIL also. Mr.. compass Shah, the son of the founder industrialist took over as the Managing Director of MIL in 1983, whereas Mr.. Rammers Shah continue to be the Chairman of the company. The young MD was full of new ideas.He wanted to revivalist the company from all aspects and diversify into high technology areas. He wanted to modernize the indicate plant and change the management style from the handed-down direct control approach to a systems controlled approach. A modern computer was bought and computerizing was introduced. The company had to face many problems while introducing these changes. One of the major hurdl es was the problem of a number of senior employees, who were not adequately qualified or developed, but had grown into senior positions. Earlier the touchstone was loyalty and hard work kind of than impotence.In the light of this situation, new competent professionals had to be hired to introduce the changes. MIL was well-known for its militant personnel policies. Anyone who Joined the company had to struggle hard for his survival as the company was ruthless in sacking those who were not meeting the requirements. It was particularly so in case of the new appointees, which in turn necessitated them to be ruthless in their work The older employees felt threatened and resented the changes and the consequent pressures. Therefore, they collectively approached the Chairman and requested him to intervene and safeguard their interests.The Chairman, who was not himself gifted with all the changes, issued instructions to the MD, to the effect that no old employee be dislocated. The new MD had no other option but to comply with the order. The MD was kindle in trying out the HARD approaches to train all the employees, particularly employees who were turning out to be deadwoods. He hired Mr.. Kumar in 1984 as a Training Manager. Mr.. Kumar was basically an engineer but had considerable experience with a multinational company in the field of HARD, particularly in Training and direction Development. He reorganized the training set up by inducting two garter Managers.Mr.. Taker was next to the Assistant Managers in the hierarchy and reported to Mr.. Kumar directly and go along to manage the affairs related to apprenticeship training. Until Mr.. Kumar came along, Mr.. Taker had enjoyed the position of the spike of the training division, though there was no other training activity apart from apprenticeship training. He was operating independently and was reporting directly to the MD. He continued to do so even after the organization have grown in proportion. Mr.. Taker felt assignd in the new set up. Fie lost his position and personal identity in the organization, and his pride was seriously hurt.He was not prepared to accept Mr.. Kumar as his boss . And he started behaving in an irrational manner. He resented the vast gap created between him and the top man in the new structure. Mr.. Kumar tolerated him with the bank that Mr.. Taker would reconcile himself to the changes, in time. Unfortunately, he continued to execute in the same way and there was no improvement even after one year. When Mr.. Kumar attempt to counsel him, Mr.. Taker demanded to be promoted to the level of Assistant Manager, as he happened to be the senior most heap in the department. Kumar promised to look into his demand.On a careful abridgment of the personal docket of Mr.. Taker and all the previous the Job that he was doing. Leave alone being entitle for further promotion, Mr.. Taker was not even fit for his present position. The company did not have a ballock perfor mance appraisal system. Its products were selling well, the profitability was good and accordingly all the employees were rewarded well. Promotions and extra increments were given at random based on the personal likes and dislikes of the top man, rather than on any objective analysis of performance or potential of an individual.No formal manpower planning or organizational planning existed. No efforts were made to forecast implications of such a system in future. On the whole, the company did not have any formal projection for the future. The company followed the practice of giving long service . Certificates and awards to all those who had completed 20 years of service in the company. Mr.. Taker had got his certificate only recently. There were several employees belonging to Mr.. Thackers category. All of them coupled and met both formally and informally to discuss their strategies and demands. They used to put up their grievances to the management collectively.They had establish ed a very strong rapport with the Chairman, Mr.. Shah. Mr.. Kumar presented all the facts to Mr.. Taker to persuade him that his promotion was not possible. As the latter was not used to the kind of logic presented by Mr.. Kumar, he dismissed all his arguments as sophisticated Jargon, immaterial to the context of his company. He was particularly bitter about the fact that his promotion was turned down whereas there were several people with similar background who have got their promotions. Therefore, there was further deterioration in his behavior. He started ignoring the directions of Mr..Kumar and worked as per his own whims and fancies, behaving arrogantly. He even went to the extent of challenging Mr.. Kumar that he could neither promote him nor demote him in the prevailing situation. So long as he was protected by the Chairman of the company, there was nothing for him to worry about and his Job was practically secure. Mr.. Kumar optimistically hoped that Mr.. Taker could overc ome his frustration and anger over a period of time. Unfortunately, even after another(prenominal) six months there was no sign of any progress. In fact, the situation deteriorated further with Mr..Taker becoming more confident in his belief that Mr.. Kumar was powerless to deal with him. He turned out to be a drag in the department, purposely creating problems for Mr.. Kumar. In MIL the annual increments and general raises were given as a policy to every employee who is termed as. The Kanata raise Mr.. Taker was quite sure that he would get his Kanata raise and reconciled himself to that. Mr.. Kumar tried to stop this raise but could not do so. There were several bullies belonging to Mr.. Thackers category in the organization and one of the tasks of the Training Manager was to dish out such people.Though he had organized a few training workshops in the behavioral areas, it had not brought about the required attitudinal changes. Right under his nose he had a person whose behavior h e was not able to amend. Mr.. Kumar realized that the desired changes were not possible, so long as the flat security was there. overdue to a change in the governmental policy, there were several new competitors to MIL and the MD felt there was a strong need and emergency to bring in changes in the organization, to make it more dynamic and competitive. It was no longer possible to endure on the organizational dead woods. Mr.. Kumar was under great pressure to look